NVD Greinsavn

Opacity in Finnish

ABSTRACT (FAROESE): Eg fari her at vísa á, at tað, við at nýta Optimality Theory, ber til at mynda tað, sum í klassiskari, generativari málgransking verður rópt eitt millumliggjandi lag. Hetta verður gjørt við at nýta. Sympathy Theory, og verður hetta víst við dømum úr finskum.

Opacity in Finnish

KEYWORDS: Opacity, Finnish, Optimality Theory, Sympathy Theory, opasitetur, finskt, optimality teori, sympati teori

"Mia-Malua...mín knáa"

ABSTRACT: This short paper discusses the sequence mid-high/low vowel + -a in Faroese dialects. With regard to <á-a> and , we observe pronunciation with a high vowel in Tórshavn, even also in Klaksvík. This happened originally when the words in question occurred under sentence-stress. In Suðuroy and Eysturoy no such high pronunciation is observed, while Vágar has a diphthong. Then there are un-expected dialect-forms. These are found in Vágar and Suðuroy. It could be the case that these speakers converge their speech to the Tórshavn-dialect, but this is a matter that needs further investigation. It is difficult to say for sure if there will be an accommodation to the main-dialects (meaning Tórshavn), as the dialects on the Faroe Islands still stand very strong.

"Mia-Malua...mín knáa"

KEYWORDS: Faroese dialects, hiatus, glide insertion, raising of vowels

Food and feeding habits of cod (Gadus morhua L.) on the Faroe Bank

ABSTRACT: Data from ten bottom surveys on the Faroe Bank during the years 1994–1998 are used to describe the feeding habits of cod on the Faroe Bank. Cod are clearly omnivorous in their diet. Overall, fish were found in 82% of the stomachs, accounting for 59% of the food by weight, but just 35% of the food items by number. Of the fish, lesser sandeel was the most common, making up 78% of the fish biomass consumed. Cannibalism was practically non-existent. In some years, the squid Loligo forbesi formed an important component of the diet, was the main food and identified in up to 64% of the stomachs, and constituting 60% by weight of the diet; in other years, it was a negligible part. Crustaceans were found in 48% of the stomachs, accounting for 16% by weight but as much as 44% by numbers. The diet of cod shifts ontogenetically, with stomach fullness greater and nutrient quality of prey higher for cod ,70 cm.

Food and feeding habits of cod (Gadus morhua L.) on the Faroe Bank

KEYWORDS: cod, condition factor, diet, Faroe Bank, Gadus morhua, stomach contents, stomach fullness index (SFI), temporal variation

Environmental impacts of coastal fish farming: carbon and nitrogen budgets for trout farming in Kaldbaksfjørður (Faroe Islands)

ABSTRACT: Flow of organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen through a sea cage trout farm was calculated on the basis of detailed studies of the farming operation, water circulation, OC and nutrient transport and recycling processes in sediment. A third of the OC and nitrogen provided by fish food was incorporated into fish biomass, which is more than has been found in previous studies. Most OC input was respired by the fish (52 to 70%), and ~63% of the associated nitrogen was lost as dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), potentially stimulating pelagic primary production. Approx. 6% of carbon and 5% of nitrogen derived from fish food settled on the seabed, where it was either mineralized or accumulated in the sediment. Based on transect measurements of diagenetic activity, the farm footprint was found to cover an area ~10 times the farm area. OC mineralization in the sediment increased linearly with increasing food input; the divergence between carbon efflux and oxygen uptake in sediment likewise increased with increasing food input, reflecting an increasing level of sediment reduction. Directly below the farm, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) efflux was high (on average 53% of dissolved inorganic carbon efflux), indicating that DOC efflux is an important pathway for benthic carbon release below aquaculture farms. Overall, microbial processes removed 56 and 38% of OC and nitrogen, respectively, that settled to the seabed. ­During a 39 d break in farming activity, due to the combined effect of mineralization and resuspension of surface sediment, sediment conditions improved considerably.

Environmental impacts of coastal fish farming: carbon and nitrogen budgets for trout farming in Kaldbaksfjørður (Faroe Islands)

KEYWORDS: Fish farming, Sediment, Organic enrichment, Nutrient enrichment, Organic matter mineralization, Carbon budget, Sedimentation, Benthic recovery, P_GAN

On the energy potential in the tidal streams on the Faroe Shelf

ABSTRACT: Based on validated results from a high resolution numerical simulation of the tidal currents on the Faroe Shelf 15 locations are identified as potential for harnessing the energy in the tidal streams. The total available mean energy flux in transects through these locations is estimated to be of order 2GW. Of this 209–780MW is in areas with depths larger than 40m and peak velocities above 2.5m/s, where the lower estimate is for the mean tide and the higher estimate is with 8 constituents included in the assessment. Approximately half of the total energy flux is in the Skopunar- Hestfjords system. However, also the southern Leirviksfjord, Svinoyarfjord, the area south of Akraberg and Vestmannasund shows high potential. By lowering the criteria on the peak velocities to 2.0m/s then large areas in particular the Suðuroyar- and Dimunarfjords, on the Munkagrunnur, west of Mykines and of the headland Mýlingur also becomes potential. In order to get an indication of the impact, which a future extraction of tidal stream energy may have on the tidal currents, simulations are performed, where tidal stream energy is extracted from some of the potential sites. In these experiments tidal stream turbines are installed in areas deeper than 40m and the original peak velocities are exceeding 2.5m/s. The main changes are reduced current strength in the wake and in the front of the installed turbine parks, and enhanced currents along the flanks. In general the influence outside the affected straits is small, but some effects is seen in particular areas both close to and distant to the affected straits.

On the energy potential in the tidal streams on the Faroe Shelf

ABSTRACT (FAROESE): Grundað á valideraðum úrslitunum frá einari numeriskari simulering av sjóvarfallinum, eru 15 høvuðsøkir á Landgrunninum eyðmerkt at hava eitt sjóvarfalsrák, sum er møguligt at vinna orku burturúr. Samlaði miðal orkuflutningurin í skurðum ígjøgnum hesi økini er mettur til at verða umleið 2GW. Við at taka 2-8 sjóvarfalskonstituentar við í metingarnar, vísa úrslitini, at 209-780MW er á økjum, har dýpi er størri enn 40m og harðasti broddur er harðari enn 2.5m/s. Serliga er tað Skopunar- og Hestfirðirnir, sum tykist at hava fleiri orkurík økir, men eisini sunnanlaga í Leirvíksfirði, Svínoyarfjørður, suður úr Akraberg og Vestmannasund tykjast áhugaverd. Um krav til harðasti broddur verður lækkað til at verða harðari enn 2.0m/s so verða stór økir serliga í Suðuroyar- og Dímunarfirðirnir, á Munkagrunninum, vestur úr Mykines and úr Mýlingi eisini áhugaverd. Model simuleringar, har orka verður tikin úr á nøkrum av eyðmerktu støðunum, eru gjørdar. Í hesum simuleringunum eru turbinulundir settar í økir, har dýpið er størri enn 40m og rákið á harðasta broddinum upprunaliga er harðari enn 2.5m/s. Tær størstu broytingarnar eru spakari rák í sundinum framman og aftanfyri turbinurnar, men harðari rák í økjunum framvið turbinunum. Sum heild eru broytingarnar uttanfyri ávirkaðu sundini sera smáar, men tó eru nøkur økir bæði beint við hesi sundini og longri burturi, sum verða nakað ávirkaðar.

On the energy potential in the tidal streams on the Faroe Shelf

KEYWORDS: Tides, energy, numerical modelling, P7050

Sjóvarfalrákið á Munkagrunninum í 2012

ABSTRACT: The relative current strength and times for slack and maximum currents in year 2012 is estimated from a timeseries obtained from a moored current meter in 1982 on the Munkagrunninum on the Faroe Shelf.

Sjóvarfalrákið á Munkagrunninum í 2012

ABSTRACT (FAROESE): Klokkutíðirnar fyri brodd og kyrrindir á mátistaðnum og streymkurvan fyri ár 2012 er roknað út frá streymátingum, sum Fiskirannsóknarstovan gjørdi á Munkagrunninum í 1982.

Sjóvarfalrákið á Munkagrunninum í 2012

KEYWORDS: Tides, Munkagrunnur

Streymviðurskiftini í ár 2012, - grundað á streymmátingar

ABSTRACT: The time for maximum current and slack water at the mooring site and the relative variation in the tides during year 2012 is estimated based on the current mooring on Munkagrunninum south of the Faroe Islands conducted by the Faroese Fisheries Laboratory in 1982.

Streymviðurskiftini í ár 2012, - grundað á streymmátingar

ABSTRACT (FAROESE): Klokkutíðirnar fyri brodd og kyrrindir á mátistaðnum og strymkurvan fyri ár 2012 er rokna við grundarlagi á streymmátingar, sum Fiskirannsóknarstovan gjørdi á Munkagrunninum í 1982.

Streymviðurskiftini í ár 2012, - grundað á streymmátingar

KEYWORDS: streym, kyrrindir, currents

Bakteriusamfelagið á føroyska landgrunninum í mun til lívfrøðilig og ólívfrøðilig viðurskifti í eitt gróðrarskeið

ABSTRACT: The initiation and intensity of the seasonal phytoplankton spring-bloom on the Faroe Shelf is highly variable from year to year. This variability is clearly reflected in higher trophic levels and is therefore of major importance for the entire Faroese marine ecosystem. Detailed knowledge of the drivers behind the observed variability is thus essential for the understanding and a better management of the ecosystem. Lately, an additional aspect has entered the discussion, namely the microbial component of the ecosystem. This project aims at describing the microbial community structure on the Faroe Shelf during a productive season in relation to phytoplankton and other environmental parameters. To reach our objectives, samples were collected once a week at Skopun (station S) and Gamlarætt (station G). Also, samples were collected through a tidal cycle. The phytoplankton species composition and biomass was identified with the inverted microscope technique. Based on the 16S rRNA gene, the bacteria were identified and quantified with real time PCR. For absolute quantification, DAPI counts were performed. Our results show that during the whole phytoplankton growth season, diatoms were the dominating phytoplankton group. During the spring bloom, Coscinodiscus spp. and Leptocylindrus danicus were the dominant species. All the bacterial groups: Total Bacteria, SAR11, Bacteroidetes, γ-proteobacteria, Roseobacter and Cyanobacteria were present throughout the entire season, with the most abundant being SAR11 and Bacteriodetes. With DAPI counts, the highest abundance of bacteria was recorded during summer with ~800.000 cells/mL, and the lowest abundance was recorded durin autumn with ~150.000 cells/mL. All the phylogenetic groups of bacteria showed some relationship to the phytoplankton. The tidal current influenced most the variables, and the chlorophyll a concentrations had a tendency to be higher during west going current than during east going current.

Bakteriusamfelagið á føroyska landgrunninum í mun til lívfrøðilig og ólívfrøðilig viðurskifti í eitt gróðrarskeið

ABSTRACT (FAROESE): Tað er sera ymiskt, nær plantuætivárblómingin á føroyska landgrunninum byrjar, og hvussu umfatandi hon er. Hesin munur er sera sjónligur hægri uppi í føðiketuni og er tískil týðandi fyri alla ta føroysku vistskipanina. Fyri at skilja og umsita vistskipanina betri hevur tað tí alstóran týdning at kenna drívmegirnar handan gróðurin út í æsir. Síðstu tíðina er týdningurin av smáverum (microbum) farin at fylla meira í hesum kjaki. Hendan verkætlan miðar tí ímóti at lýsa bygnaðin á smáverusamfelagnum á føroyska landgrunninum í einum gróðrarskeiði og samanbera við plantuæti og onnur abiotisk viðurskifti. Fyri at náa hetta mál eru royndir tiknar eina ferð um vikuna í Skopun og á Gomlurætt, umframt at royndir eru tiknar gjøgnum eitt sjóvarfall. Plantuæti var eyðmerkt og nøgdin roknað við at nýta umvenda sjóneyku. Við støði í 16S rRNA geninum vóru bakteriur eyðmerktar og mongdin funnin við at nýta ’SYBR Green real time PCR’, og harumframt var DAPI teljing nýtt at finna talið av bakterium. Úrslit okkara vístu, at kisilalgur vóru ráðandi alt gróðrarskeiðið. Í várblómingini vóru Coscinodiscus spp. og Leptocylindrus danicus fjølmentast. Allir bakteriubólkar, SAR11, Bacteriodetes, γ-proteobacteria, Roseobacter og Cyanobacteria, vóru til staðar alt gróðrarskeiðið – mest var av SAR11 og Bacteriodetes. Hægsta talið av bakterium var ~800.000 kyknur/mL, og lægsta talið var ~150.000 kyknur/mL. Ábendingar vóru um, at plantuætið hevði árin á allar bakteriubólkarnar. Sjóvarfallið ávirkaði flestu variablar, og chlorophyll a konsentratiónin hevði lyndi til at vera hægri í eystfalli enn í vestfalli.

Bakteriusamfelagið á føroyska landgrunninum í mun til lívfrøðilig og ólívfrøðilig viðurskifti í eitt gróðrarskeið

KEYWORDS: Seasonal variation, bacterial community, Faroe Shelf, physical and biological parameters

Kanningar av slóðini hjá bakteriuni Listeria monocytogenes á einum laksavirki í Føroyum

ABSTRACT: Listeria monocytogenes is a natural environmental bacterium and a serious pathogen causing the disease listeriosis in humans. Salmon processing plants have frequently been found to be contaminated with L. monocytogenes. However little is known about where in the production pathway contamination of L. monocytogenes occurs. To establish where in the production pathway contamination of L. monocytogenes occurred, we examined one salmon producing plant for L. monocytogenes on the Faroe Islands. This was done by taking seawater samples both by the marine aquacultures and at the harvesting sites. Swab samples were also taken in the harvesting and processing plants, and from fish from both plants. Positive L. monocytogenes samples were found both in the seawater and in the processing plant. We found positive samples all way through the production pathway. We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) of 6 genes to determine the genetic link between the different L. monocytogenes isolates from seawater and the processing plant. Findings indicate that the main source of L. monocytogenes contamination could be the seawater coming into the plant via the fish.

Kanningar av slóðini hjá bakteriuni Listeria monocytogenes á einum laksavirki í Føroyum

ABSTRACT (FAROESE): Listeria monocytogenes er ein natúrlig umhvørvis bakteria og ein sjúkuelvandi bakteria, ið elvir til álvarsligu sjúkuna listeriosu hjá menniskjum. Virkir ið viðgera laks hava javnan verið dálkaði við L. monocytogenes. Kortini veit man lítið um hvaðani í framleiðslu leiðini dálkingin av L. monocytogenes fer fram. Vit hava kannað eitt virkið í Føroyum fyri L. monocytogenes, fyri at staðfesta hvaðani í framleiðsluleiðini dálking av L. monocytogenes fer fram. Hettar varð gjørt við at taka sjógv sýni bæði við aliringarnar og við tøkuringin. Svabara sýnir vóru eisini tikin á blóðgistøðini, á virkinum og frá fiski frá báðum støðunum. Positiv L. monocytogenes sýni vóru funnin bæði í sjónum og á virkinum. Vit funnu sostatt positiv sýni gjøgnum alla framleiðsluleiðina. Vit brúktu “multilocus sequence typing” (MLST) av 6 genum fyri at avgera arva liðin millum tær ávísu L. monocytogenes. MLST vísti tættan arva lið millum L. monocytogenes isolerað frá sjógvi og á virkinum, ið bendir á at L. monocytogenes dálking kundi komi frá sjónum og inn á virkið við fiskinum.

Kanningar av slóðini hjá bakteriuni Listeria monocytogenes á einum laksavirki í Føroyum

KEYWORDS: Listeria monocytogenes, Salmon Processing, Faroe Islands

Kræklingur (Mytilus edulis) í Føroyskum firðum: lívfrøði og møguleikar at ala krækling

ABSTRACT: Spawning, larval abundance, settlement and growth of mussels were measured at four different sites in the Faroe Islands during spring to autumn 2010. Different environmental conditions, such as temperature, current and chlorophyll a concentrations were also measured. These measurements showed that temperature and chlorophyll a concentrations have an influence on the spawning, and that current speed, phytoplankton availability and predators influence the growth of the mussels. DNA studies were made of mussels in the Faroes, and these showed that only one species of Mytilus, Mytilus edulis, was present. The result of the whole experiment is that mussel farming opportunities in the Faroes are good.

Kræklingur (Mytilus edulis) í Føroyskum firðum: lívfrøði og møguleikar at ala krækling

ABSTRACT (FAROESE): Kanningar vórðu gjørdar av gýting, larvumongd í sjónum, áseting av larvum og vøkstri av kræklingum á fýra ymiskum støðum í Føroyum frá vár til heyst 2010. Eisini vóru ymisk umhvørvis viðurskifti, so sum hiti, streymur og klorofyl a nøgd kannað. Hesar kanningar vístu, at hiti og klorofyl a hava ávirkan á gýtingina og at streymurferð, tøkt plantuæti og rovdjór ávirka vøksturin hjá kræklingunum. Ílegu kanningar vórðu gjørdar av kræklingi í Føroyum, og hesar vístu, at bert tað eina slagið av kræklingi, Mytilus edulis, var at finna. Úrslitini av øllum kanningunum vísa, at møguleikarnir fyri kræklingaaling í Føroyum eru góðir.

Kræklingur (Mytilus edulis) í Føroyskum firðum: lívfrøði og møguleikar at ala krækling

KEYWORDS: Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis, Faroese Fjords, Farming Potential